The Nēnē: Hawaiʻi’s Endemic Goose

Hawaiʻi’s official state bird

The nēnē (Branta sandvicensis), or Hawaiian goose, is a medium-sized bird uniquely adapted to Hawaiʻi’s rugged landscapes. Unlike most geese, it has partially webbed feet with strong toes, allowing it to walk across lava fields, grasslands, and volcanic slopes. Its muted brown and tan plumage provides camouflage in dry environments, while its black face, cream-colored cheeks, and deeply furrowed neck make it distinctive. The bird’s name comes from its soft, plaintive call. As Hawaiʻi’s official state bird, the nēnē is both a biological rarity and a symbol of the islands’ native ecosystems.

Nēnē feeding habits reflect Hawaiʻi’s limited native vegetation. They are primarily herbivores, grazing on grasses, leaves, seeds, flowers, and fruits. Historically, they fed on native plants such as pili grass, ʻōhelo berries, and other low-growing shrubs found in upland and coastal areas. Today, they also forage on introduced grasses and occasionally agricultural crops, especially during dry seasons when native food sources are scarce. Their flexible diet has helped them persist in altered habitats, though it sometimes brings them into conflict with human land use.

Nēnē are monogamous and place strong emphasis on family life. Breeding occurs during cooler months, with nests built on the ground in sheltered locations. Females lay two to five eggs, while males guard the nest. Goslings hatch able to walk and feed and remain with both parents for several months, learning feeding areas and safe routes essential for survival.